I guess the issue here is that you added the cloze filter to a normal note type not derived from the Cloze type.
Cloze types are treated specially by Anki and you should only make new cloze types by cloning the existing type.
Anki started to be more strict about such issues recently.
I don’t think they will work properly with multiple clozes (Try that).
You should be able to fix the issue by making a new cloze type cloned from the base Cloze type from the note types screen, then you can copy the template contents from the old type to the new one and convert your notes to use it.