Your images are added to your notes as: <img src="blob:ankifile://editor/... – which is not what that should look like.
Did you create these notes by drag-dropping an image from another app (perhaps from Goodnotes)? There was an issue with that a few months ago, but it was fixed in February. I can see you’re using version 25.02 now, but did you make these notes before you updated to the current version?