I understand your resistance, but you should understand that I see this issue often, and this is pretty much what is looks like.
In your Card Info – even though the number of reps and the interval match the revlog, D doesn’t, and R doesn’t make sense if you studied this card (with S of 3d) today. [Which, by the way – with S of 3d and 1d interval, you might have your Desired Retention (DR) turned up higher than necessary.] There isn’t a way for a card that is set to be due “tomorrow” to be offered “today,” unless this card is in a Filtered Deck (and it doesn’t appear to be).
It doesn’t matter that you didn’t use your other device in the timeframe, and “obsessively” syncing won’t protect you if those syncs are at the wrong times. As I said in that other thread:
What matters is that you always have the most updated version of your collection on this device before you start making changes, and that you update AnkiWeb with that most updated version of your collection when you’re done on this device.
Do any of those add-ons make changes to your cards – like building or emptying Filtered Decks, flagging cards, moving cards between decks, or rescheduling cards?
Did you read all the way to the end of that comment I linked to – to the “What to do now?” section? Those are your next steps. Even if you’re sure I’m wrong and this isn’t the issue you’re having, none of those steps will hurt you.
Go ahead and run a Check Database too. Then watch to see if this happens again.