I am glad that the problem is fixed for you.
Thank you for doing all the work performing the troubleshooting steps to help find the solution. It will help others who experience that error message.
So, it appears that for Intel-based Mac owners who have Command Line Tools installed and then subsequently migrate to an Apple Silicon Mac, the migrated Command Line Tools don’t automatically get updated to the Apple Silicon version. Some Intel-version tools remain behind and somehow can cause the Anki uv “Failed to patch the install name” error. It is still unknown what specific tool or tools cause the error. However, uninstalling and then re-installing Command Line Tools fixes the problem.
sudo rm -rf /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools
xcode-select --install